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Authors
Bafhaid, Hanouf S. https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4758-200X
Bagbag, Ibraheem H. https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0644-338X
Dearar, Abdullah Hassan
Monshi, Rashed S.
Alrammaal, Hanadi H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8294-1861
Khan, Lujain Khalid https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6523-6143
Felemban, Walaa Anwar https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1443-3797
Alhazmi, Kholod A. https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5391-1009
Alharbi, Roaa S. https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5611-3449
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Article History
Received: 4 September 2025
Revised: 11 March 2026
Accepted: 24 March 2026
First Online: 25 April 2026
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at the Directorate of Health Affairs in Makkah Region (H-02-K-076–1222-866), and the requirement to obtain informed consent was waived.
: Not applicable.
: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
