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Authors
Gao, Ning
Sheng, Dan
Tang, Shaoyan
Wang, Minzhen
Zheng, Shan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Gansu Province (23JRRA1019)
Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province (24JRRA819)
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Article History
Received: 31 August 2025
Revised: 16 November 2025
Accepted: 26 November 2025
First Online: 6 January 2026
Declarations
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: All rounds of the CHARLS surveys were approved by the Peking University Biomedical Ethics Committee(approval number: IRB00001052-11015).
: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
