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Article History

Received: 23 June 2025

Revised: 4 December 2025

Accepted: 7 January 2026

First Online: 22 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study did not involve human participants, human data, or animals, and therefore did not require approval from an institutional review board or ethics committee. All data used in the study are publicly available or derived from observational and modeling techniques that do not involve any individual-level identifiers or interactions. The research complies with the journal’s ethical standards.

: Not applicable. This study did not involve human subjects, and all fieldwork was undertaken by the authors, and therefore no consent to participate was required.

: Not applicable. This study does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos), and therefore consent for publication is not required.

: This statement is to certify there are no competing or conflicting interests by any of the contributing authors in this work.