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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
City University of Hong Kong (9610576)
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Article History
Received: 21 July 2025
Revised: 24 February 2026
Accepted: 10 March 2026
First Online: 27 March 2026
Declarations
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: Not applicable.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
: This is an observational study. The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) has received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Peking University. The IRB approval number for the main household survey, including anthropometric data collection, is IRB00001052-11015, and the IRB approval number for biomarker collection is IRB00001052-11014. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation in the study.
