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Article History

Received: 29 July 2025

Accepted: 8 January 2026

First Online: 5 February 2026

Declarations

:

: M. Schwarz received travel support from MSD, Sandoz, BMS, AbbVie and Gilead; received speaking honoraria from BMS and Gilead; received consulting fees from Gilead. C. Schwarz received travel support from Gilead, Abbvie, Galápagos, and Gebro; speaking honoraria from Abbvie and Gilead and payments for consulting from Gilead. D.J.M. Bauer received travel support from Gilead and AbbVie; speaking honoraria from AbbVie and Siemens and grant support from Gilead and AbbVie. M. Hintersteininger: nothing to disclose. M. Panzer served as a speaker and/or consultant and/or advisory board member for MSD, AbbVie, Intercept, and Gilead, and received travel support from Gilead and AbbVie. M. Strasser: nothing to disclose. S. Reiter: nothing to disclose. L. Dorn: nothing to disclose. A. Maieron received grant support from Abbvie and Gilead; speaking honoraria from Abbvie, Gilead, Janssen, Roche, Intercept, and MSD; consulting/advisory board fees from Abbvie, Gilead, Janssen, Roche, Intercept, Norgine, and MSD; and travel support from Abbvie, Gilead and Roche. A. Moschen received research support from AbbVie and Takeda under the framework of the Christian Doppler Research Society; received further consultation fees and/or speaker honoraria from AbbVie, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Takeda, Janssen-Cilag, Amgen, Sandoz, Nestlé, Ferring, Falk, and Pfizer. E. Aigner: nothing to disclose. M. Trauner received grant support from Albireo, Alnylam, Cymabay, Falk, Gilead, Intercept, MSD, Takeda and UltraGenyx; honoraria for consulting from AbbVie, Albireo, Boehringer Ingelheim, BiomX, Falk, Genfit, Gilead, Hightide, Intercept, Janssen, MSD, Novartis, Phenex, Pliant, Regulus, Shire, and Siemens; speaker fees from Albireo, Bristol Myers Squibb, Falk, Gilead, Intercept, Madrigal, and MSD as well as travel support from AbbVie, Falk, Gilead, and Intercept. He is also co-inventor on patents on the medical use of norUDCA/norucholic acid filed by the Medical University of Vienna. A.F. Stättermayer: nothing to disclose. M. Mandorfer served as a speaker and/or consultant and/or advisory board member for AbbVie, Collective Acumen, Echosens, Gilead, Takeda, and W. L. Gore & Associates and received travel support from AbbVie and Gilead. H. Zoller received speaker honoria from Abbvie, Bayer, BMS, Falk Foundation, Gilead, Intercept, Merck, MSD, Novartis, Pierre-Fabre, Pharmacosmos and Vifor; he has advised for Abbvie, Bayer, Eisai, Gilead, Intercept, MSD, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Shire, Pierre-Fabre, Pharmacosmos, and Vifor. He further received travel grants from Abbvie, Bayer, Gilead, and Intercept, and research grants from Abbvie, Gilead, MSD, Novartis, Pharmacosmos, and Vifor. M. Gschwantler received grant support from Abbvie, Gilead, and MSD; speaking honoraria from Abbvie, Gilead, Janssen, Roche, Intercept, and MSD; consulting/advisory board fees from Abbvie, Gilead, Janssen, Roche, Intercept, Norgine, AstraZeneca, Falk, Shionogi, and MSD; and travel support from Abbvie and Gilead. T. Reiberger served as a speaker and/or consultant and/or advisory board member speaking honoraria from AbbVie, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Gilead, Intercept, MSD, Roche, Siemens, and W. L. Gore & Associates and received travel support from AbbVie, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Gilead, and Roche as well as grants/research support from AbbVie, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Gilead, Intercept, MSD, Myr Pharmaceuticals, Philips Healthcare, Pliant, Siemens, and W. L. Gore & Associates; he is a Section Editor of Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. M. Jachs served as a speaker and/or consultant for Gilead and received travel support from Gilead.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants or on human tissue were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1975 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.