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Article History

Received: 8 August 2023

Accepted: 19 November 2023

First Online: 6 December 2023

Declarations

:

: All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. For this type of study, the need for formal consent was waived by the Ethical Review Board for Life Science and Medical Research at Hokkaido University Hospital.

: Formal consent was not required for this type of study.

: Not applicable.

: YS, KU, YT, and MS have no conflicts of interest. YK reports grants and personal fees from Ono, Taiho, Chugai, Eli Lilly, Daiichi Sankyo, Nippon Kayaku, and MSD; personal fees from Bayer and Yakult; and grants from IQVIA, Astellas, Nippon Zoki, Shionogi, EPS, Eisai, and National Cancer Center outside the submitted work.