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Article History

Received: 24 January 2025

Accepted: 29 September 2025

First Online: 1 November 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethics approval was not required for this study. This study is based on clinical practice reported by Pain and Oncology specialists through an online questionnaire and does not present data from any study involving human or animal participants conducted by any of the authors.

: Participation in this study was voluntary. All physicians who completed the questionnaire provided consent for the use of their responses in the subsequent analysis prior to completing the questionnaire. All participants involved in the Delphi-like methodology provided verbal informed consent prior to their inclusion in the study. Confidentiality and anonymity of participant responses were strictly maintained throughout the study to protect their privacy. No personal identifying information was collected or shared during the research process.

: Somnath Bagchi reports membership of Advisory Board for Intrathecal Drug Delivery Team sponsored by Medtronic, travel sponsorship from Esteve; honorarium for delivering lectures by Medtronic; attendance cadaver course sponsored by Boston-Scientific, and neuromodulation meeting sponsored by NEVRO. Matthew R D Brown has received honoraria from Medtronic, Boston Scientific and Astellas and travel expenses from Curonix. Mario Di Palma reports investigator roles with AstraZeneca, Ipsen, Janssen, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Sandoz; financial relationships with Bayer, Fresenius; advisory board of AstraZeneca, ESTEVE, Fresenius Kabi, Janssen, Mundipharma, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, ViiV Healthcare; invited speaker of Amgen, Astellas, BMS, Gilead, Ipsen, Kyowa Kirin, Lilly, Merck, MSD, Mundipharma, Novartis, Resilience, Roche; masterclass with Beigene, Daiichi Sankyo; preceptorship roles with Sandoz; travel expenses from Viatris; member of Ethical Committee of the French National League against Cancer; and member of board of directors of French Speaking Association for Supportive Care in Cancer. Denis Dupoiron reports personal fees from Grunenthal, Medtronic and Esteve. Alejandro Falcon reports advisory board of Roche, Pfizer, Menarini, AstraZeneca, MSD, ESTEVE; invited speaker of Roche, Pfizer, Novartis, Lilly, AstraZeneca, MSD, Gilead, Daiichi, Dr Reddy, Grünenthal; travel accommodations of Novartis, Daiichi, Gilead. Christoph Hoefing reports lecture fee from Medtronic, and invitation to further training from Esteve. María Luz Padilla del Rey reports investigator roles with Esteve, Medtronic; invited speaker of Medtronic, Boston Scientific, Abbott, Grünenthal; proctor of Medtronic; president of the Murcian Pain Society. Christophe Perruchoud reports consultant roles for Medtronic, Esteve; advisory boards of Medtronic, Esteve; invited speaker of Medtronic, Esteve; past President of the Swiss Neuromodulation Society. Carlos Tornero reports investigator roles with AstraZeneca, Boston Scientific, Abbott, Medtronic, Esteve; advisory board of ESTEVE, Altan Pharma; invited speaker of Abbott, Astra Zeneca, Prim, Medtronic, Boston; preceptorship roles with Abbott; President Spanish Society Neuromodulation. Vittorio Guardamagna, Monica Iorfida, Teresa Macarulla, and Debora Van Keulen do not report conflict of interests. Rita Kortbaoui, and Xander Zuidema declare no conflict of interests.