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Authors
Topalian, Alique G. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7293-4759
Woodie, Brad R.
Fleischer, Anne
Stryker, Shanna D.
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Article History
Received: 16 January 2026
Accepted: 26 June 2026
First Online: 8 July 2026
Declarations
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: This study is approved as Non-Human Subjects Research by the University of Cincinnati Institutional Review Board (IRB # 2025-0273). All procedures were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The All of Us Database reports that human subjects research conducted, funded, or otherwise subject to regulation by the federal government must follow the Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects, also known as The Common Rule (HHS: 45 CFR 46), a set of ethical standards that guide the conduct of research.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual respondents included in the All of Us Research Program. Data was deidentified prior to accessing data.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
