Ma, Hongen
Yang, Yi
Cariola, Laura
Gillanders, David
Article History
Received: 23 July 2025
Revised: 15 June 2026
Accepted: 2 July 2026
First Online: 11 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval: This study received ethical approval from the University of Edinburgh’s Social Science Research Ethics Committee (23-24CLPS123). It was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided consent before their participation by following the British Psychological Society’s guidelines and institutional policies.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Clinical trial number: Not applicable.