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Article History

Received: 13 October 2025

Accepted: 11 December 2025

First Online: 3 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that there are no financial or non-financial interests that could directly or indirectly influence or be perceived to influence the work submitted for publication. Each author has thoroughly examined the manuscript’s content and confirmed that any affiliations, financial involvement, or personal connections do not present a conflict of interest in the design, execution, interpretation, or reporting of the research findings. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

: This study involved the use of de-identified, publicly available data from the State Inpatient Database (SID) and did not involve any direct interaction with human or animal subjects. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Medical College of Wisconsin and University of Wisconsin Milwaukee (IRB Approval No. MIL121118). All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration.

: Not applicable.