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Authors
Abdullahi, Sunusi Bala
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Sakarya University
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Article History
Received: 9 July 2025
Accepted: 17 February 2026
First Online: 17 April 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no Conflict of interest.
: This study uses secondary data from the VIP Attribute dataset [ ] (collected with participant consent) and the public-domain CALFW dataset [ ]. All data were anonymized from the sources, and identities were masked in our analysis. No additional ethical approval was required.
