Li, Lei
Duan, Lijuan
Zhao, Kai
Si, Bailu
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (62176009, 62472012)
National Science and Technology Innovation 2030 Major Program of China (2022ZD0205005)
Article History
Received: 23 August 2025
Accepted: 14 March 2026
First Online: 6 May 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
: Not applicable. This study involves audio–visual navigation experiments in a simulated indoor environment and does not involve human participants, human tissue, or animals.
: Not applicable. No personally identifiable information of individuals is included in the manuscript.