Document is current

Article History

Received: 22 March 2025

Accepted: 31 May 2025

First Online: 28 June 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors report that there is no conflict of interest.

: This study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of Osaka University Hospital (approval no. 21489). This study was conducted in strict accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association, 1964) and its subsequent revisions, which set internationally accepted ethical standards for research involving human subjects.

: This study employed an opt-out method in accordance with the ethical guidelines. Written informed consent was not obtained from any participant. Instead, comprehensive information about the study's purpose, procedures, risks, and handling of personal information was made available to potential participants through posters displayed in areas frequented by the target population, and pamphlets placed or distributed at relevant locations.