Document is current

Article History

Received: 18 March 2020

Revised: 25 August 2020

Accepted: 20 September 2020

First Online: 10 October 2020

Compliance with ethical standards

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: IO, SNS, CJ, MJR, COM, TS, and JS report that they have no potential conflict of interest. JAC reports consulting fee from Pfizer, Inc., Covera, IAG, Image Biopsy Lab, and Simplify Medical, membership of scientific advisory board/other office of IAG, outside the submitted work. AAS reports royalties from Ortho Development Corp., stock ownership of Paradigm Spine, LLC, Spinal Kinetics, Inc., Vestia Ventures MiRus Investment, LLC, and Integrity Implants, consulting fee from Clariance, Inc., Kuros Biosciences AG, Ortho Development Corp., DePuy Synthes Products, Inc., Medical Device Business Services, Inc., and 4WEB, Inc., membership of scientific advisory board/other office of Clariance, Inc., Kuros Biosciences AG, DePuy Synthes Products, Inc., and Medical Device Business Services, Inc, research support from Spinal Kinetics, Inc., and MiMedx Group, Inc., fellowship support from AOSpine North America, outside the submitted work. FPC reports royalties from NuVasive, Inc., stock ownership of VBVP VI, LLC (originally Centinel Spine), private investments for Spinal Kinetics, Inc., Ivy Healthcare Capital Partners, LLC, ISPH II, LLC, Vertical Spine, LLC, Bonovo Orthopedics, Inc., Viscogliosi Brothers, LLC, Liventa Bioscience (fka AF Cell Medical), Paradigm Spine, LLC, Tissue Differentiation Intelligence, LLC, Woven Orthopedic Technologies, Orthobond Corporation, and Healthpoint Capital Partners, LP, consulting fees from Vertical Spine, LLC, and 4WEB Medical, membership of scientific advisory board/other office of Spinal Kinetics, Inc., Paradigm Spine, LLC, Woven Orthopedic Technologies, Orthobond Corporation, and Healthpoint Capital Partners, LP, research support from 4WEB Medical, NuVasive, Inc., Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Inc., Spinal Kinetics, Inc., Centinel Spine, Inc. (fka Raymedica, LLC), Beatrice and Samuel A. Seaver Foundation, Paradigm Spine, LLC, 7D Surgical, Inc., Woven Orthopedic Technologies, and Depuy Synthes, outside the submitted work. FPG reports royalties from NuVasive, Inc., Ortho Development Corp, and Zimmer Biomet Holdings, Inc., stock ownership of Bonovo Orthopedics, Inc., Liventa Bioscience (fka AF Cell Medical), Paradigm Spine, LLC, Tissue Differentiation Intelligence, LLC, Alphatec Holdings, LLC, LANX, Inc., Healthpoint Capital Partners, LP, Centinel Spine, Inc. (fka Raymedica, LLC), and Spinal Kinetics, Inc., consulting fee from DePuy Synthes Spine, NuVasive, Inc., EIT Emerging Implant Technologies, Spineart USA, Inc., and Ethicon, Inc., grants from NuVasive, Inc., outside the submitted work. APH reports research support from NuVasive, Inc., 4WEB Medical, and Pfizer, Inc., outside the submitted work.