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Article History

Received: 15 July 2021

Accepted: 19 December 2021

First Online: 3 January 2022

Declarations

:

: EK is a consultant for Biomet. SL is a board member for the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery, the American Orthopaedic Association, the Cervical Spine Research Society, and the Society for Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery; is a consultant for DePuy Synthes and K2M/Stryker; is a board member for Nuvasive; receives payment for lectures and travel accommodations from DePuy Synthes and K2M/Stryker; receives payment for patents and royalties from DePuy Synthes; has stock in Innovative Surgical Designs and the American Society for Investigative Pathology; receives research support from AO Spine North America Spine Fellowship support and AOA Omega Grant; is a board member of Maryland Development Corporation; receives royalties from Thieme, Quality Medical Publishers; and is on the editorial board of Journal of Spinal Disorders and Techniques, The Spine Journal, and Contemporary Spine Surgery. CS received royalties from Stryker spine and is a consultant for Stryker and Nuvasive; he has ownership of Maryland Development Center. AT, IY, DC, and KB have nothing to disclose.

: IRB approval was obtained by the University of Maryland IRB (Protocol: HP-00076962) due to the retrospective nature of the study consent requirement was waived by the IRB. This study was conducted in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration, its amendments, and other equivalent ethical standards.

: Institutional IRB deemed this study was exempt from a written participant consent requirement due to the retrospective nature of the study.

: Institutional IRB deemed this study was exempt from a written participant consent requirement due to the retrospective nature of the study.