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Article History

Received: 14 December 2021

Revised: 7 January 2022

Accepted: 23 January 2022

First Online: 11 February 2022

Declarations

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: Disclosures outside of submitted work: ZB-consultancy: Cerapedics (past), Xenco Medical (past), AO Spine (past); Research Support: SeaSpine (past, paid to the institution), Medical Metrics (past, paid directly to institution), Next Science (paid directly to institution); NIH SBIR subaward grant; North American Spine Society: committee member; Lumbar Spine Society: Co-chair Education committee, AOSpine Knowledge Forum Degenerative: Associate member; AOSNA Research committee- committee member; JCW- Royalties–Biomet, Seaspine, Amedica, DePuy Synthes; Investments/Options–Bone Biologics, Pearldiver, Electrocore, Surgitech; Board of Directors-AO Foundation; Editorial Boards-Spine, The Spine Journal, Clinical Spine Surgery, Global Spine Journal; Fellowship Funding (paid directly to institution): AO Foundation; PH–Royalties: Medtronic, NuVasive, Zimmer Biomet;