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Article History

Received: 16 September 2024

Revised: 19 November 2024

Accepted: 11 December 2024

First Online: 23 December 2024

Declarations

:

: Potential conflicts of interest were revealed for the applicable authors on the title page. As per the author’s knowledge, there are no present financial or non-financial conflicts of interest with the research conducted in this study. As the data was obtained retrospectively from a nationwide database no informed consent was obtained.

: The following potential competing interests and funding sources have been declared by the authors below. For the remaining authors, none were declared. Brian Shear: Maryland Orthopaedic Association: Board or committee member. Julio Jauregui: Children: Editorial or governing board. Daniel Cavanaugh: Alphatec Spine: Paid consultant; Stock or stock Options. Eugene Koh: Alphatec Spine: Stock or stock Options. Steven Ludwig: AAOS: Board or committee member; Alphatec Spine: IP royalties; Stock or stock Options; American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery, Inc.: Board or committee member; American Orthopaedic Association: Board or committee member; AO Spine North America Spine Fellowship Support: Research support; ASIP, ISD: Stock or stock Options; Atlas Spine: IP royalties; Baxter: Research support; Cervical Spine Research Society: Board or committee member; Contemporary Spine Surgery: Editorial or governing board; DePuy, A Johnson & Johnson Company: IP royalties; LSRS: Board or committee member; MDC: Stock or stock Options; Nuvasive: IP royalties; Paid consultant; Paid presenter or speaker; Stock or stock; Options; OMEGA: Research support; Smiss: Board or committee member; Stryker: IP royalties; The Spine Journal: Editorial or governing board.