Document is current

Article History

Received: 23 August 2024

Revised: 19 February 2025

Accepted: 22 March 2025

First Online: 16 April 2025

Declarations

:

: Jonathan Dalton, Tristan Fried, Michael Alan McCurdy, Rajkishen Narayanan, Chloe K. Herczeg, Hamd Mahmood, Marco Goldberg, Nikhil Mehta, and Antony Fuleihan have no non-financial or financial interests to declare.Yunsoo Lee is on the editorial board of the Clinical Spine Surgery journal. The author has no financial interests to declare.Mark F. Kurd is on the editorial/governing board of the Clinical Spine Surgery journal and is a board/committee member at the International Society for the Advancement of Spine Surgery. The author has stock or stock options in DuraStat LLC, receives IP royalties from Spinal Elements, Stryker, and the Institute for Musculoskeletal Science & Education, is a paid consultant at K2M Spine, Medtronic, and Spinal Elements, and receives research support from Innovative Surgical Designs.I. David Kaye is a paid consultant at Camber Spine and Nuvasive and has stock ownership in Atlus Spine and Happe Spine. The author has no non-financial interests to declare.Jose A. Canseco is a deputy editor at the Clinical Spine Surgery journal, is a paid consultant at Pathkeeper and Spinal Elements (Future Compensation Expected), receives research support from Ossiform, and is expecting future compensation that is paid directly to his institution/employer from Accelus and Kuros.Alan S. Hilibrand receives royalties from CTL Amedica and ZimVie and has stock ownership in Spinal Ventures. The author has no non-financial interests to declare.Alexander R. Vaccaro is a member in good standing at AO Spine and is on the Scientific Advisory Board at Accelus, National Spine Health Foundation, and Sentryx. The author consults for Accelus, Curiteva, Ferring Pharmaceutical, Globus, Medcura, Spinal Elements, Stryker Spine, and Wheel House Medical (Future Compensation Expected). The author has private investments in the Rothman Institute and related properties and receives royalties from ATEC, Atlas Spine, Atlas Spine, Curiteva, Elsevier, Globus, Jaypee, Medtronic, Spinal Elements, Spine Wave, Stout Medical, Stryker Spine, Taylor Francis/Hodder And Stoughton, Thieme, Wheel House Medical (Future Compensation Expected), and Wolters Kluwer. The author has stock ownership in the following companies and organizations: Accelus, Advanced Spinal Intellectual Properties, Atlas Spine, Avaz Surgical, AVKN Patient Driven Care, Cytonics, Deep Health, Dimension Orthotics LLC, Electrocore, Flagship Surgical, Flowpharma, Globus, Harvard Medtech, Innovative Surgical Design, Jushi, NuVasive, Orthobullets, Parvizi Surgical Innovation, Progressive Spinal Technologies, Rothman Institute and related properties, See All AI, Sentryx, Stout Medical, Surgalign, and Viewfi Health.Gregory D. Schroeder is a board// committee member at AO Spine and the Cervical Spine Research Society and is on the editorial/governing board at Wolters Kluwer Health - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. The author has ownership in the Rothman Institute, Rothman ASCs, and Harmoni Neuromonitoring and has a family member with ownership in Altus Spine. The author is a paid consultant and receives IP royalties from Camber and receives other financial or material support from AOSpine.Christopher K. Kepler is on the editorial/governing board of the Clinical Spine Surgery journal, receives IP royalties from Inion and Curetiva, has equity in Altus, and receives research support from Regeneration Technologies Inc, NIH grants, and the Cervical Spine Research Society.