Document is current
Any future updates will be listed below
-
Authors
Rajasekaran, Joseph
Khalilullah, Taha
Yang, Xinlan
Ghaith, Abdul Karim
Bhandarkar, Shaan
Bhimreddy, Meghana
Crawford, Richard
Theodore, Nicholas
Lubelski, Daniel
- License Information
-
More Information
Article History
Received: 17 June 2025
Revised: 4 August 2025
Accepted: 2 September 2025
First Online: 11 September 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study followed the 1975 Helsinki Declarations, revised in 2008, and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The institutional review board (IRB) approval and individual consent were waived due to the public nature of the NCDB database, and the data is accessible for research in a de-identified manner to protect the privacy of individuals.
: Informed consent was waived due to the study’s retrospective design and the de-identified manner of the NCDB database.
