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Authors
Gupta, Nithin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6696-8984
Sbaih, Omar
DiCiurcio III, William
Miller, Mark
Nanavati, Ruchir
Smith, Hunter
Delgadillo, Blake
Meade, Matthew
Singh, Aman
Singh, Rohin
Bowers, Christian
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Article History
Received: 3 September 2025
Revised: 13 December 2025
Accepted: 26 January 2026
First Online: 4 February 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was determined to be exempt from Institutional Review Board (IRB) review as it utilized de-identified patient data from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database. No direct patient contact or identifiable private information was involved.
: Not applicable - patient consent was not required for use of de-identified database records.
: Not applicable.
