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Article History

Received: 10 November 2025

Revised: 11 March 2026

Accepted: 29 March 2026

First Online: 6 April 2026

Declarations

:

: FPC reports research support from Camber Spine, Centinel Spine, Choice Spine, DePuy Synthes, and Royal Biologic; ownership interest in 4WEB Medical/4WEB, Healthpoint Capital Partners LP, ISPH II, ISPB III Holdings, VBVP VI LLC, VBVP X LLC, Medical Device Partners II and III, Orthobond Corporation, Spine Biopharma, Tissue Differentiation Intelligence, and Tissue Connect Systems. AAS reports royalties from Ortho Development, DePuy Spine Products/Medical Device Business Services, and Clariance; private investments in Vestia Ventures, MiRUS Investment, ISPH II, ISPH 3, and Centinel Spine (Vbros Venture Partners V); consulting fees from DePuy Spine Products/Medical Device Business Services, Clariance, and Kuros Biosciences AG; and research support from Spinal Kinetics/Orthofix. MF reports Stock Ownership from Zurimed, Incremed, Moving Spine, Artonis; consulting fees from Medacta, Arthrex, Zurimed; in the the Board of Directors of Moving Spine, Artonis; and in the Scientific Advisory Board of the Balgrist Foundation, 25Segments; receives research support from Medacta; and fellowship support from DePuy Synthes. DRL is a Consultant and on the Advisory Board for Choice Spine; consultant for Depuy Synthes; has Ownership Interest from Woven Orthopedic Technologies, Vestia Ventures MiRus Investment LLC HS2, LLC and ISPH II, LLC; has Research Support from Medtronic Sofamor Danek USA, Inc.; has Royalties from Nuvasive, Inc.; is on the Advisory Board and has Ownership Interest from Remedy Logic; is a Consultant and has Royalties from Stryker; is a Consultant and has Ownership Interest from Viseon, Inc. For the remaining authors, no conflicts of interest were declared.