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Article History

Received: 30 May 2023

Accepted: 3 September 2023

First Online: 19 October 2023

Declarations

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: The authors declare that there are no relationship or activities that might be a source of bias or could bias their work. Outside the submitted work, the authors declare the following conflicts of interest: PS received research grants from Astra Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi Farmaceutici, Edmondpharma, honoraria for lectures from Astra Zeneca, Berlin-Chemie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Edmondpharma, Glaxo Smith Kline, Guidotti, Sanofi, Valeas, Zambon Brasil, and for participation to advisory boards from Astra Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Glaxo Smith Kline, Sanofi and Valeas; EG reports a research grant from the ISPAD-JDRF Research Fellowship; PF received research grants from Novo Nordisk, honoraria for lectures from Astra Zeneca, Menarini, and for participation to advisory boards from Altheia Science, Enthera and Nephris; DR received honoraria for lectures from Astra Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim Glaxo Smith Kline, and for participation to advisory boards from Astra Zeneca. MD, MS, MR, CM, MM, SP, LS, MBN, IP, GVZ and GS have no competing interests to declare.

: The study protocol was approved by the local ethical committee (CE Milano Area 1, 44,948/2019–22/10/2019). All participants and parents/guardians signed a written informed consent, prior to enrollment.