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Authors
Candido, Riccardo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2385-9160
Buzzetti, Raffaella https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1490-6041
Consoli, Agostino https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1885-451X
Irace, Concetta https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5182-5473
Torre, Enrico https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4375-7383
Trevisan, Roberto https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8610-4772
Fadini, Gian Paolo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6510-2097
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Berra, Cesare
Di Bartolo, Paolo
Esposito, Katherine
Giaccari, Andrea
Giorgino, Francesco
Mannucci, Edoardo
Oleandri, Salvatore
Perseghin, Gianluca
Russo, Giuseppina
Solerte, Sebastiano Bruno
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Novo Nordisk (Unconditional grant)
Edra S.p.A (Editorial assistance)
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Article History
Received: 25 July 2025
Accepted: 2 November 2025
First Online: 3 December 2025
Declarations
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: Raffaella Buzzetti, during the past two years, received fees from Sanofi, Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, Abbott, Astra Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Guidotti. Riccardo Candido received honoraria and speaker fees from Abbott, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, MSD, Guidotti, Boehringer Ingelheim, Astra Zeneca, and Bayer. Agostino Consoli received fees from Bristol Mayer Squibb, Astra Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dhome, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi-Aventis, Sigma-Tau, and Takeda (Speaker); Astra Zeneca, Bristol Mayer Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Janssen Farmaceutici, Merck Sharp & Dhome, and Novo Nordisk (Advisory Board); Astra Zeneca and Novo Nordisk (Consultant); Eli Lilly and Novo Nordisk (Research Grant). Gian Paolo Fadini received lecture fees, honoraria or consultancy grants from Astra Zeneca, Boehringer, Eli Lilly, Guidotti, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, and Sanofi. Concetta Irace provided advisory board services for Abbott, Ascensia, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, and Roche Diabetes Care Italy, and received speaker fees from Abbott, Ascensia, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, and Novo Nordisk. Roberto Trevisan has been a member of the advisory board for Novo Nordisk, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, and received consulting fees from Novo Nordisk, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi, and Eli Lilly. Enrico Torre received fees from Novartis, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Daiichi Sankyo, and Abbot.
