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Authors
He, Lei https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4011-5543
Wang, Shiping
Cao, Yuang
Zhang, Shihong
Li, JiaJia
Zhao, Zhenhong
Yue, Shun
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Anhui Provincial Quality Engineering Project (2023hxkc171)
2025 Research Project on Psychological Health Education in Higher Vocational Colleges, Ministry of Education Vocational Colleges Cultural Quality Education Steering Committee (XL2025117)
Key scientific research project of higher education institutions in Anhui Province (2022AH051827)
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Article History
Received: 23 November 2025
Accepted: 14 May 2026
First Online: 22 June 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
: All procedures performed in this study complied with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committees and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. Ethical approvals for NHANES were obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics Research Ethics Review Board, and CHARLS was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Peking University. All participants provided written informed consent before participation.
