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Article History

Received: 5 May 2026

Accepted: 26 July 2026

First Online: 10 August 2026

Declarations

Conflict of interest: Stefano Del Prato has received fees for participations in advisory board for Abbott, Amgen, Dexcom, Eli Lilly & Co., Hoffman La Roche, Innovent, Menarini International, Nephris, Novo Nordisk, Structure Therapeutics, Sun Pharma and for speaking engagements for Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, Dexcom, Eli Lilly & Co., Laboratori Guidotti, Menarini International, Novo Nordisk. Stefano Genovese has received fees for participations in advisory board for Eli Lilly and Novo Nordisk and for speaking engagements for Abbott Diabetes Care, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Hikma Pharmaceuticals, MSD, Molteni Farmaceutici, Neopharmed Gentili, Novo Nordisk, Recordati. Sanofi and SiBionics. Carlotta Galeone has received fees for participation in advisory board for Eli Lilly. Massimiliano Anzaldi acted as scientific consultant for Eli Lilly S.p.A. Loredana Bucciarelli has received honoraria or lecture/consultancy fees from Astra Zeneca, Boehringer, Lilly, Abbott, Savio, Guidotti, Dexcom, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi. Arturo Cesaro has served as a member of Advisory Boards for Amgen, Sanofi, Novartis, Daiichi Sankyo, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, Chiesi, Sharper, Ultragenyx, and Amarin; he has also received lecture fees from Novo Nordisk and support for attending meetings from Menarini, Daiichi Sankyo, and Novartis. Vera Frison has received, during the last two years, unrestricted educational grants from Abbott, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, Lilly, Neopharmed, Novo Nordisk. Pasquale Perrone Filardi discloses honoraria for consultancy or lectures from Bayer, Sanofi, Novartis, Menarini, Amgen, Recordati, Dompè, Servier, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim. Other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.