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Authors
Higashida, Masaharu
Endo, Shunji https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0720-4156
Hori, Masaaki
Ohta, Keisuke
Yano, Shuya
Okada, Toshimasa
Yoshimatsu, Kazuhiko
Fujiwara, Yoshinori
Ueno, Tomio
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Article History
Received: 4 August 2025
Accepted: 29 September 2025
First Online: 17 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no conflicts of interest in association with the present study.
: The protocol for this research project was approved by the ethics committee of Kawasaki Medical School (approval No. 6709–00). This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent for surgery was obtained from all patients. An opt-out recruitment strategy was employed because the study exclusively analyzed retrospective clinical data without direct intervention by the investigators.
