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Authors
Kamimura, Go https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6895-8229
Aoki, Masaya
Imamura, Satomi
Morizono, Shoichiro
Nonaka, Yuto
Tokunaga, Takuya
Harada-Takeda, Aya
Maeda, Koki
Nagata, Toshiyuki
Ueda, Kazuhiro
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (JP25ama121054)
Kagoshima University
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Article History
Received: 25 August 2025
Accepted: 26 September 2025
First Online: 17 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no conflicts of interest in association with the present study.
: At our institution, intraoperative pleural irrigation with sterile distilled water was introduced prior to the establishment of a hospital-wide notification system for off-label use; accordingly, during the study period it was performed at the discretion of the Department of General Thoracic Surgery under institutional oversight. This clinical study, which included the use of distilled water lavage, was approved by the Kagoshima University Hospital Ethics Committee (approval number: 230040). The participants and their relatives could opt out by viewing the research content hosted online.
: Consent has been obtained from all concerned parties.
