Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Pretoria
Article History
Received: 23 April 2025
Accepted: 24 August 2025
First Online: 10 September 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this manuscript. Harmony Gold Mining Company Ltd supports the Harmony Gold Chair in Rock Engineering and Numerical Modelling at the University of Pretoria.