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Authors
Guo, Longji https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3907-8118
He, Manchao
Tao, Zhigang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1966-3678
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (42377154)
State Key Laboratory for Tunnel Engineering Open Fund (TESKL202419)
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
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Article History
Received: 1 September 2025
Accepted: 5 January 2026
First Online: 29 January 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
