Funding for this research was provided by:
Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U23A20671)
Major Project of Inner Mongolia Science and Technology, China (2021ZD0034)
Shanxi Provincial Key Research and Development Project (202102090301009)
German Federal Ministry of Education and Research’s GEO:N program for the SMART-EGS project (03G0923C)
State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (SKLGGES-024001)
GFZ Helmholtz-Zentrum für Geoforschung
Article History
Received: 26 June 2025
Accepted: 30 March 2026
First Online: 28 April 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare that there are no financial or personal conflicts of interest that could have influenced the outcomes of this research.