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Authors
Gu, Jiayu
Chen, Hao
Li, Dan
Hu, Xiner
Zhou, Zhenyu
Wang, Xiaofei
Xia, Ningqi
Lu, Bin
Lv, Diya
Cao, Yan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (22ZR1476900)
National Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (21ZR1483000)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82473892)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82174092)
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Article History
Received: 25 August 2025
Accepted: 24 December 2025
First Online: 23 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in strict accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association, 2013 revision) for ethical principles in medical research involving human subjects. All procedures were designed to protect the rights, safety, and well-being of the participants. This study was approved by Ethics Committee of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital (EHBHKY2025-K020-P001). The experiments involving human urine were carried out in accordance.
: All human participants involved in this study have been fully informed of the research purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits. Written informed consent has been obtained from each participant (or from a legal guardian/next of kin if the participant is under the age of 18 or unable to provide consent independently). All consents are stored in a secure and confidential manner in accordance with relevant regulations.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
