Article History
Received: 13 February 2019
Accepted: 10 December 2019
First Online: 23 December 2019
Compliance with ethical standards
: The study that was approved by The New England Institutional Review Board.
: Dr. Heffez developed the Chiari plate and has received royalties from KLS Martin. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
: For this type of study formal consent is not required. Some patients undergoing surgery after December 2008 participated in a prospective treatment outcome study approved by the New England Institutional Review Board. Consent was obtained for study participation.This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors. Human participation is limited to standard medical care.