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Article History

Received: 29 May 2023

Accepted: 19 July 2023

First Online: 22 August 2023

Declarations

:

: Ethics approval was not required to be obtained through the University of Illinois for this retrospective study conducted using de-identified and publicly available data.

: Consent to participate was not required for this retrospective study conducted using de-identified and publicly available data.

: Consent for publication was given upon data grant approval by the American College of Surgeons per the National Trauma Data Bank Data Use Agreement.

: The authors declare no competing interests.