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Article History

Received: 15 March 2024

Accepted: 2 May 2024

First Online: 3 June 2024

Declarations

:

: NB is a consultant for Seaspine, Spineart, Aurora, Lifspine, receives royalties from Seaspine, Spineart, Aurora, Alphatec, and receives fellowship support from Nuvasive/Globus and Medtronic. YPL is a consultant for Globus and receives fellowship support from Globus and Alphatec. SH is a consultant for Alphatec, SI Bone, Seaspine, Lifspine, and receives fellowship support from Alphatec. DYP is a consultant for Alphatec, Nuvasive, Seaspine, Globus, Stryker, receives royalties from Alphatec and Seaspine, and is a strategic board member and receives stock options from Amplify Surgical, a company that supplies endoscopic equipment used in this study. For the remaining authors none were declared.

: This research study was conducted retrospectively from data obtained for clinical purposes. We consulted extensively with the Institutional Review Board who determined that our study did not need ethical approval. An IRB official waiver of ethical approval was granted from the IRB. (IRB#22–001674).

: Not Applicable. Informed consent was not required for inclusion in this study by the IRB given the respective nature of the study. Also, no identifying details, images, or descriptions of the subjects were obtained or included in the study.

: Not Applicable.