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Authors
Dagli, Mert Marcel
Sussman, Jonathan H.
Gujral, Jaskeerat
Budihal, Bhargavi R.
Kerr, Marie
Yoon, Jang W.
Ozturk, Ali K.
Cahill, Patrick J.
Anari, Jason
Winkelstein, Beth A.
Welch, William C.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institutes of Health (R21AR075971)
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Article History
Received: 25 November 2024
Accepted: 8 August 2025
First Online: 23 August 2025
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) Institutional Review Board (IRBs 852054, 22–020186). This study has been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.
: All patients (or their parent or legal guardian in the case of children under 16) provided written informed consent for inclusion in this study. No organs/tissues were utilized in this study. Only radiographic imaging was utilized in the study.
: The authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent for publication of the images in Fig. .
: In the past 36 months, AKO has received consulting fees from Medacta and Johnson and Johnson (with no relation to this work) and has served as an E2M ad-hoc reviewer for the Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNS PG). Additionally, within the same period, JWY has received a grant from Johnson and Johnson; consulting fees from Medyssey, TrackX, Richard Wolf, and Johnson and Johnson; holds patents planned, issued, or pending with Kinesiometrics and MedCyclops; and has served in a leadership role on the Scientific Program Committee of the AANS/CNS Joint Section on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves (with no relation to this work). All other authors report no conflict of interest.
