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Authors
Chandan Reddy, Sai
Shafi, Mahnoor
Park, Alison
Hughes, Liam P.
Khalifeh, Jawad M.
Azad, Tej D.
Witham, Timothy F.
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Article History
Received: 22 September 2025
Accepted: 17 November 2025
First Online: 11 December 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the Johns Hopkins Medicine Institutional Review Board (IRB00265490). The requirement for patient informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study, which included prospective follow-up, and the minimal risk to participants. The research involved analysis of de-identified data, and obtaining individual consent was not applicable. All procedures were conducted in accordance with institutional guidelines and the ethical standards of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
