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Authors
van Doormaal, Jesse A. M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9531-2765
Colombo, Elisa https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0424-1250
van der Zee, Jasper M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9144-8852
Maathuis, Wouter D. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1972-8635
Bot, Maarten https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9719-6086
O’Donnell, Patrick
Burhani, Bachtiar
Regli, Luca https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4639-4474
Robe, Pierre A. J. T. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7845-6196
Hoving, Eelco W. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5587-0439
van Doormaal, Tristan P. C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6299-3859
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme (190106553)
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Article History
Received: 4 April 2025
Accepted: 7 August 2025
First Online: 24 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The anonymized data from a previous study was partially reused in this study [ ]. This dataset had undergone the appropriate ethical review and approval process under the ethical review board of the Canton of Zurich, Switzerland (KEK ZH 2021–01844).
: Written general consent for the future use of patient-specific data was obtained from all individuals included in this dataset, or from their legal representatives, as part of the original study [ ].
: No identifiable information is included in this manuscript.
: J.A.M. van Doormaal is an employee at Augmedit B.V., a start-up company specializing in the development of augmented reality tools for surgeons. J.A.M. van Doormaal is a first-degree relative (brother) of T.P.C. van Doormaal. T.P.C. van Doormaal is the founder and CMO at Augmedit BV, a start-up company specializing in the development of mixed reality tools for surgeons.
