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Authors
de Wilde, Daniel
El-Hajj, Victor Gabriel
Vigren, Patrick
Staartjes, Victor E.
Atallah, Elias
Edström, Erik
Elmi-Terander, Adrian
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Karolinska Institute
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Article History
Received: 7 August 2025
Accepted: 8 December 2025
First Online: 11 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (Dnr: 2020–00193 and 2021–04773).
: Informed consent was waived for inclusion in the Swespine registry due to the use of an opt-out model. Participation in follow-up questionnaires is voluntary.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare that the article and its contents were composed in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Adrian Elmi-Terander—although the author is an Associate Editor of the journal, there was no involvement with the peer review process for this article.
