Wiest, Christoph
Chaudhry, Daoud
Mediratta, Saniya
Burrows, Emalee
Deehan, Matthew
Thompson, Simon
Thorne, Lewis
Watkins, Laurence
Toma, Ahmed K.
Funding for this research was provided by:
NIHR Academic Clinical Fellowship
BBraun
National Institute for Health and Care Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre
Article History
Received: 12 December 2025
Accepted: 25 January 2026
First Online: 2 February 2026
Declarations
:
: Routinely collected anonymised data were collected with University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust service evaluation approval in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All procedures adhered to local and institutional laws and data protection regulations. Informed consent was not required as the study was retrospective in nature and involved the analysis of previously collected data. Human Ethics and Consent to Participate declarations: not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.