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Article History

Received: 2 April 2026

Accepted: 24 May 2026

First Online: 1 June 2026

Declarations

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: The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Philipps-University Marburg (reference 22/29) and was conducted adhering to the principles of the latest version of the Declaration of Helsinki. Patient consent was not required in accordance with local or national guidelines.

: AC has participated in a training course, which was industry funded by Stada Arzneimittel AG and received a travel grant from the Prof. Klaus Thiemann Foundation in the German Society of Neurology. LT reports grants, personal fees, and non-financial support from SAPIENS Steering Brain Stimulation, Medtronic, Boston Scientific, and St. Jude Medical, anhas received payments from Bayer Healthcare, UCB Schwarz Pharma, and Archimedes Pharma and also honoraria as a speaker on symposia sponsored by Teva Pharma, Lundbeck Pharma, Bracco, Gianni PR, Medas Pharma, UCB Schwarz Pharma, Desitin Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim, GSK, Eumecom, Orion Pharma, Medtronic, Boston Scientific, Cephalon, Abbott, GE Medical, Archimedes, and Bayer. DP received honoraria as a speaker at symposia sponsored by Boston Scientific Corp, Medtronic, AbbVie Inc., Zambon, and Esteve Pharmaceuticals GmbH. He received payments as a consultant for Boston Scientific Corp and Bayer, and he received a scientific grant from Boston Scientific Corp for a project entitled: ‘Sensor-based optimisation of Deep Brain Stimulation settings in Parkinson’s disease’ (compareDBS). Finally, DP was reimbursed by Esteve Pharmaceuticals GmbH and Boston Scientific Corp for travel expenses to attend congresses. MB and CN are scientific consultants for Brainlab. The remaining authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.