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Authors
Takahara, Kento https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6000-2513
Ogino, Masahiro
Ueda, Ryo
Miwa, Tomoru
Nishimoto, Masaaki
Yamada, Nobuhiro
Toda, Masahiro
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Article History
Received: 8 March 2026
Accepted: 11 August 2026
First Online: 19 August 2026
Declarations
Ethical approval: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Keio University School of Medicine (Approval No. 20070026).
Consent to participate: Not applicable, as this study involved only cadaveric and simulated surgical field experiments and did not involve human participants.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
