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Article History

Received: 27 June 2025

Accepted: 27 September 2025

First Online: 13 October 2025

Declarations

:

: S. Terranova, R.Simeon, S. Mezzarobba, and G. Lagravinese have nothing to declare. A. Botta reports a relationship with EU Joint Programme for Neurodegenerative Disease Research that includes: employment. M. Putzolu reports financial support was provided by Ministry of University and Research (MUR). G. Bonassi reports a relationship with Ministry of University and Research (MUR) that includes: employment. R. Marchese and F. Di Biasio have received speaker honoraria from Zambon and Bial. E. Pelosin is part of an Advisory Board for M.J. Fox Foundation. She has received grants from Italian Ministry of University and Research (PRIN 2022) and Michael J. Fox Foundation (Fall 2022 biomarkers to support therapeutic trials program), and research supports from Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Finalizzata 2022 and 5 × 1000). L. Avanzino has received speaker honoraria from Zambon and Bial and received research supports (Grants) from the EU Joint Programme for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND) (2022 call) and Michael J. Fox Foundation (Fall 2022 biomarkers to support therapeutic trials program). She received research support from FRESCO foundation and the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Finalizzata 2022 and 5 × 1000).

: The authors declare no conflicts of interest relevant to this work.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the local ethics committee.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.