Document is current

Article History

Received: 18 September 2025

Accepted: 3 December 2025

First Online: 31 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Dirk Dressler received honoraria for services provided to Allergan, Ipsen, Merz, Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products, Medy-Tox, Revance, Gufic, WizMedi, Desitin, Syntaxin, Abbvie, Medtronic, St Jude, Boston Scientific, Almirall, Bayer, Sun, Teva, UCB, IAB - Interdisciplinary Working Group for Movement Disorders. He is shareholder of Allergan and holds patents on botulinum toxin and botulinum toxin therapy. He provides professional consulting services to pharmaceutical companies and professional investment institutions on all aspects of botulinum toxin drugs. He is co-founder and member of the board of directors of Wisper Bio and founder of The Wittgenstein Organisation. Jürgen Frevert acts as a consultant for Merz Aesthetics. Eric A Johnson is a retired Professor, University of Wisconsin, Madison. He has conducted research on botulinum toxins for more than 40 years. EAJ has started four businesses in the botulinum toxin field. He holds more than 30 patents in the areas of botulinum toxin and food safety. Uwe Walter has received speaker honoraria and travel grants from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Canon Medical Systems Europe B.V., Ipsen Pharma, Merz Therapeutics, and an unrestricted research grant from Merz Therapeutics outside the present study. He was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) outside the present study. He serves as Joint Editor-in-Chief of the European Journal of Ultrasound (Thieme, Stuttgart, Germany). Pawel Tacik received honoraria for services provided to Abbott, AbbVie, Boston Scientific, Desitin, Ipsen, Medtronic and Merz. Petr Kanovsky has received speaking honoraria and academic research grant from Ipsen and speaking honoraria from Merz. Raymond L Rosales has received travel grants and lecture fees from Ipsen and AbbVie. Maja Relja has nothing to disclose. Jose Alberto Sagastequi Rodriguez has received fees from Ipsen, Allergan and Merz as a lecturer in symposia and training courses. He has received invitations for. Alberto Sagastequi Rodriguez has received fees from Ipsen, Allergan and Merz as lecturer in symposia and training courses. He has been invited to conferences and Gerard Francisco AbbVie: research and consulting. Ipsen: research and consulting. Lifeward: consulting. Merz: research and consulting. Ottobock: research. Revance Therapeutics: research. Saol Therapeutics: research and consulting. Fereshte Adib Saberi is founder and owner of IAB - Interdisciplinary Working Group for Movement Disorders. She received reimbursement from Abbot, AbbVie, Almirall, Allergan, Bayer, Desitin, Dynamed, Hempel GesundheitsPartner, Ipsen, Johnson & Johnson, Licher, Meda, Medtronic, Merz, Orion, PTZ Nawrath, Sensomotorik & Rehabilitation Hellmuth & Thiel, Sintetica, Sporlastic, Sun, Teva, Tricumed, TRS Med, UCB. Klaus Fink, Sabine Pellet, Sanjay Pandey, Gholam Ali Shahidi, Norbert Brüggemann, Lingjing Jin, Lizhen Pan, Huifang Shang, and Xue Bai has nothing to declare.