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Authors
Robinson, Mary J. https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3408-7979
Chou, Kelvin L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2597-7315
Schmitt, Taylor R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0982-3244
Patil, Parag G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2300-6136
Malaga, Karlo A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9153-5032
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Engineering Success Alliance Summer Research Scholarship
Costa Healthcare Research & Design Fund
Swanson Fellowship in the Sciences and Engineering
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Article History
Received: 22 November 2025
Accepted: 24 March 2026
First Online: 6 April 2026
Declarations
Conflict of interest: M.J.R., T.R.S., and K.A.M. have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. K.L.C. receives personal fees from Abbott for participating as a faculty member in education sessions about DBS and is a consultant to Cerevance and Neurocrine Biosciences. P.G.P. is a consultant to NeuroOne Medical Technologies Corporation and Epiminder.
Ethical approval: Institutional Review Board approval was obtained from Bucknell University and the University of Michigan to use the clinical data for the purposes of this study.
Consent to participate: Informed consent was obtained from all patients.
