Document is current

Article History

Received: 31 March 2026

Accepted: 22 May 2026

First Online: 2 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to this article’s content.

: We confirm that we have read the Journal’s position on issues involved in ethical publication and affirm that this work is consistent with those guidelines. The authors confirm that this study was approved by the Chong Hua Hospital Research Ethics Board (IRBi reference code: 2025-030).

: Kathleen Ann Pañares has nothing to declare. Anthony E. Lang has served as an advisor for AbbVie, Amylyx, Aprinoia, Biogen, BioAdvance, Biohaven, BioVie, BlueRock, BMS, Denali, EG427, Janssen, Lilly, Pharma 2B, Sun Pharma, and UCB; received honoraria from Sun Pharma, AbbVie and Sunovion; received grants from Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Edmond J Safra Philanthropic Foundation, Krembil Brain Institute, Michael J. Fox Foundation, Parkinson Foundation, Parkinson Canada, and The Rossy Foundation; is serving as an expert witness in litigation related to paraquat and Parkinson’s disease, received publishing royalties from Elsevier, Saunders, Wiley-Blackwell, Johns Hopkins Press, and Cambridge University Press. Over the past 12 months, Gerard Saranza has received research and CME support from the Michael J. Fox Foundation through the Global Parkinson’s Genetics Program (GP2) (MJFF-026331), CME support from the Internal Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society through the MDS Center to Center Program 2025–2027 (42400- CNT2CNT), and speaker’s honoraria and CME support from various pharmaceutical companies in the Philippines (in alphabetical order): AbbVie Inc., Bharat Serums And Vaccines Limited ( BSV ), Cathay Drug Company Inc., DKSH Philippines, E* Chimes Pharmaceutical Inc., Haleon Philippines (GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare Philippines), HI-Eisai Pharmaceutical, Inc., Hizon Laboratories, Inc., InnoGen Pharmaceuticals Inc, LRI-Therapharma, Lotus Pharmaceutical, Lundbeck Philippines, Inc., Medchoice Pharma Inc., Medichem Pharmaceutical Inc., Medtronic Philippines Inc., Menarini Philippines, Inc., Nestlé Philippines, Inc., One Pharma Marketing Inc., Pfizer Philippines Inc., Sandoz Philippines Corp., Sun Pharma Philippines, Torrent Pharma Philippines, Inc., Unilab, Inc., Vexxa Lifesciences, and Zydus Healthcare Philippines Inc.