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Authors
Gandolfi, Marialuisa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0877-4807
Sandri, Angela https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0462-3945
Sarasso, Elisabetta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5300-2849
Gardoni, Andrea https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2189-5689
Russo, Michela https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5874-6441
Basaia, Silvia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0722-6243
Di Vico, Ilaria Antonella https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7126-8686
Erro, Roberto https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7800-7419
Camozzi, Serena
Pedrotti, Giulia https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4954-3178
Fasoli, Melania https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5664-393X
Salaorni, Francesca
Geroin, Christian https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6095-1930
Mansueto, Giancarlo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1857-0613
Pizzini, Francesca Benedetta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6285-0989
Barillari, Marco
Lauriola, Matteo Francesco
Tozzi, Mariachiara
Rusciano, Francesca
Fratucello, Anna
Cuoco, Sofia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5755-4544
Carotenuto, Immacolata https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5175-6359
Ricciardi, Carlo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7290-6432
Amato, Francesco https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9053-3139
Vinciguerra, Claudia
Botto, Annibale https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2219-6484
Romano, Daniele
Amboni, Marianna
Fiorio, Mirta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6356-0211
Marotta, Angela https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2083-3005
Squintani, Giovanna Maddalena https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2191-1324
Mariotto, Sara https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7806-3103
Tamburin, Stefano https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1561-2187
Paio, Fabio
De Biasi, Giuseppe
Piscosquito, Giuseppe
Canu, Elisa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5804-3378
Barone, Paolo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8965-2504
Filippi, Massimo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5485-0479
Tinazzi, Michele https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2370-7063
Pellecchia, Maria Teresa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6217-313X
Agosta, Federica https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3121-4979
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Università degli Studi di Verona
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Article History
Received: 13 May 2026
Accepted: 27 July 2026
First Online: 6 August 2026
Declarations
<b>Conflict of interest</b>: E. Sarasso, S. Basaia, and E. Canu have received research support from the Italian Ministry of Health. M. Filippi is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurology, Associate Editor of Human Brain Mapping, Neurological Sciences, and Radiology, received compensation for consulting services from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, speaking activities from Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck-Serono, Neopharmed Gentili, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, and TEVA, participation in Advisory Boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Sanofi-Aventis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Takeda, scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, he receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. F. Agosta is Associate Editor of NeuroImage: Clinical, has received speaker honoraria from Biogen Idec, Italfarmaco, Roche, Zambon and Ely Lilli, and receives or has received research supports from the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, AriSLA (Fondazione Italiana di Ricerca per la SLA), the European Research Council, the EU Joint Programme – Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND), and Foundation Research on Alzheimer Disease (France). The other authors have declared that they have no competing interests. M. Gandolfi has received research support from Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. M.T. Pellecchia has received research support from the Italian Ministry of Health and the Italian Ministry of University. M. Tinazzi has received research support from the Italian Ministry of Health. A. Fratucello received compensation for consulting services from Novartis.
Ethical approval: Local Ethics Committees approved the study (4201CESC -PNRR-MAD-2022-12376826), and all participants signed written informed consent.
