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Authors
Sulaiman, Khalid
Haniffah, Mohd Ridza Mohd
Bello, Al-Amin Danladi
Muhammad, Mohd Khairul Idlan
Shahid, Shamsuddin
Argungu, Abdullahi Sule
Tanimu, Bashir
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
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Article History
Received: 17 April 2025
Accepted: 24 August 2025
First Online: 19 September 2025
Declarations
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: This study did not involve human participants, animals, or sensitive personal data, and therefore did not require ethical approval.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
