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Authors
Smatti, Maria K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7621-0130
Al-Khatib, Hebah
Suleman, Muhammad
Nizar, Muna
Khalid, Hala Abo
Ismail, Ruaa
Nasrallah, Gheyath K.
Yassine, Hadi M.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Qatar University
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Article History
Received: 29 January 2026
Accepted: 8 May 2026
First Online: 4 June 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approvals for sample collection were obtained from Qatar University (QU) institutional review board (QU-IRB 804-E/17 and QU-IRB 1537-FBA/21).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this manuscript.
: Declaration of using AI-assisted technologies
: During the preparation of this manuscript, the author used ChatGPT (OpenAI) to improve the structure, readability, and overall flow of the text. After using this tool, the author carefully reviewed AI-generated text, and edited the content as needed. The authors take full responsibility for the content of the published article.
