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Article History

Received: 15 November 2025

Accepted: 22 January 2026

First Online: 27 February 2026

Declarations

:

: T.N. Hung, N.L. Trung and V.A. Tuan declare that they have no competing interests.

: I understand that the Spektrum der Augenheilkunde journal may be available in print and on the Internet and will be available to a broader audience through marketing channels and other third parties. Therefore, anyone can read the material published in the journal. Readers may include medical professionals, scholarly researchers, journalists, and members of the general public. If you have any queries, please contact nguyenletrungb4@vmmu.edu.vn.

: All participants were dispensed with written informed consent, and the protocol was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of the Hanoi Medical University and Hanoi-Hanam Eye Hospital. All patients provided written informed consent, and this study was conducted following the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.