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Article History

Received: 31 October 2025

Accepted: 9 June 2026

First Online: 20 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval: Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval was not required for this project as we worked with anonymized data from already completed treatment studies. The original investigators might have required IRB approval to share their IPD, depending on their institution’s policies; if so, it was their responsibility to obtain it. By signing the data sharing agreement, the authors who shared their IPD declared that those data were collected and transferred according to all applicable local and international laws and regulations, including but not limited to local IRB approval.

Competing interests: Dr Cohen previously held stock options in AbleTo, which he received as compensation for advice on the clinical content of Joyable’s digital cognitive therapy for depression. Dr Markowitz reports salary support from New York State Psychiatric Institute, research grant support from the Columbia Velocity Fund, National Institute of Mental Health, and Department of Defense, and minor book royalties, some related to interpersonal psychotherapy. Dr Hollon reports grant funding from the National Institute of Mental Health and minor book royalties. Dr Weissman reports grants from National Institute of Mental Health, Brain and Behavior Foundation, Templeton Foundation, and Sackler Foundation, and royalties from Perseus Press, Oxford Press, APA Publishing, and Multihealth Systems. Dr Blom reports personal fees from ‘Leerboek Interpersoonlijke psychotherapie’ outside the submitted work. Dr Driessen reports a grant from the Netherlands Organisation of Scientific Research (NWO) during the conduct of the study. Drs Weitz, Browne, Rucci, Corda, Menchetti, Bagby, Quilty, Altamura, Zobel, Schramm, Gois, Twisk and Cuijpers, Mrs van Haaren and Breunese, and Mr Wienicke have nothing to disclose.